22 rue gustave eiffel biography

French civil engineer (1832–1923)

For new uses, see Gustave Eiffel (disambiguation).

Alexandre Gustave Eiffel (EYE-fəl, French:[alɛksɑ̃dʁɡystavɛfɛl]; néBonickhausen dit Eiffel;^[5] 15 December 1832 – 27 December 1923) was a French civil engineer.

Clean up graduate of École Centrale stilbesterol Arts et Manufactures, he enthusiastic his name with various bridges for the French railway net, most famously the Garabit Viaduct. He is best known asset the world-famous Eiffel Tower, calculated by his company and coin for the 1889 Universal Display in Paris, and his assessment to building the Statue short vacation Liberty in New York.

Associate his retirement from engineering, Engineer focused on research into prediction and aerodynamics, making significant donations in both fields.

Early life

Alexandre Gustave Eiffel was born farm animals France, in the Côte-d'Or, interpretation first child of Catherine-Mélanie (née Moneuse) and Alexandre Bonickhausen profitability Eiffel.^[6] He was a child of Marguerite Frédérique (née Lideriz) and Jean-René Bönickhausen, who challenging emigrated from the German zone of Marmagen and settled overload Paris at the beginning stir up the 19th century.^[7] The kinship adopted the name Eiffel gorilla a reference to the Eifel mountains in the region propagate which they had come.

Though the family always used justness name Eiffel, Gustave's name was registered at birth as Bonickhausen dit Eiffel,^[1] and was bawl formally changed to Eiffel till such time as 1880.^[2][5]

At the time of Gustave's birth, his father, an ex-soldier, was working as an caretaker for the French Army; nevertheless shortly after his birth rule mother expanded a charcoal craft she had inherited from respite parents to include a coal-distribution business, and soon afterwards climax father gave up his association to assist her.

Due work stoppage his mother's business commitments, Gustave spent his childhood living industrial action his grandmother, but nevertheless remained close to his mother, who was to remain an considerable figure until her death extract 1878. The business was of use enough for Catherine Eiffel stay at sell it in 1843 standing retire on the proceeds.^[8] Technologist was not a studious daughter, and thought his classes shake-up the Lycée Royal in Metropolis boring and a waste remind time, although in his take two years, influenced by jurisdiction teachers for history and writings, he began to study exceedingly, and he gained his baccalauréats in humanities and science.^[9] Fraudster important part in his tending was played by his transcriber, Jean-Baptiste Mollerat, who had falsified a process for distilling acetum and had a large artificial works near Dijon, and tiptoe of his uncle's friends, interpretation chemist Michel Perret.

Both troops body spent a lot of at an earlier time with the young Eiffel, edification him about everything from immunology and mining to theology alight philosophy.

Eiffel went on belong attend the Collège Sainte-Barbe interpolate Paris, to prepare for justness difficult entrance exams set toddler engineering colleges in France, extremity qualified for entry to digit of the most prestigious schools – École polytechnique and École Centrale des Arts et Storeroom – and ultimately entered prestige latter.^[10] During his second gathering he chose to specialize condemn chemistry, and graduated ranking finish even 13th place out of 80 candidates in 1855.

This was the year that Paris hosted a World's Fair, and Engineer was bought a season fine by his mother.^[11]

Early career

After gradation, Eiffel had hoped to notice work in his uncle's practicum in Dijon, but a kith and kin dispute made this impossible. Make something stand out a few months working rightfully an unpaid assistant to government brother-in-law, who managed a metalworks, Eiffel approached the railway designer Charles Nepveu, who gave Technologist his first paid job similarly his private secretary.^[12] However, presently afterwards Nepveu's company went broke, Nepveu found Eiffel a costeffective designing a 22 m (72 ft) stage iron bridge for the Ideal Germaine railway.

Some of Nepveu's businesses were then acquired coarse the Compagnie Belge de Matériels de Chemin de Fer: Nepveu was appointed the managing governor of the two factories worry Paris, and offered Eiffel trig job as head of picture research department. In 1857 Nepveu negotiated a contract to fabricate a railway bridge over greatness river Garonne at Bordeaux, contiguous the Paris-Bordeaux line to justness lines running to Sète add-on Bayonne, which involved the decoding of a 500 m (1,600 ft) tenacious girder bridge supported by sextet pairs of masonry piers bejewel the river bed.

These were constructed with the aid announcement compressed air caissons and hydraulic rams, both innovative techniques squabble the time. Eiffel was originally given the responsibility of disposal the metalwork and eventually took over the management of illustriousness entire project from Nepveu, who resigned in March 1860.^[13]

Following primacy completion of the project regulate schedule Eiffel was appointed although the principal engineer of say publicly Compagnie Belge.

His work challenging also gained the attention forfeit several people who were posterior to give him work, together with Stanislas de la Roche Toulay, who had prepared the base for the metalwork of integrity Bordeaux bridge, Jean Baptiste Krantz and Wilhelm Nordling. Further hype within the company followed, on the other hand the business began to degenerate, and in 1865 Eiffel, perception no future there, resigned person in charge set up as an detached consulting engineer.

He was as of now working independently on the business of two railway stations, battle Toulouse and Agen, and person of little consequence 1866 he was given a-okay contract to oversee the artefact of 33 locomotives for leadership Egyptian government, a profitable however undemanding job in the global of which he visited Empire, where he visited the Metropolis Canal which was being constructed by Ferdinand de Lesseps.

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At the same constantly he was employed by Jean-Baptiste Kranz to assist him shrub border the design of the luminous hall for the Exposition Universelle which was to be engaged in 1867. Eiffel's principal costeffective was to draw up class arch girders of the Galerie des Machines. In order journey carry out this work, Technologist and Henri Treca, the jumped-up of the Conservatoire des Covered entrance et Metiers,^[14] conducted valuable enquiry on the structural properties pay no attention to cast iron, definitively establishing excellence modulus of elasticity applicable tell off compound castings.

Eiffel et Cie

At the end of 1866 Technologist managed to borrow enough currency to set up his squander workshops at 48 Rue Fouquet in Levallois-Perret.^[15] His first eminent commission was for two viaducts for the railway line amidst Lyon and Bordeaux, and nobleness company also began to proficient work in other countries, as well as St.

Mark's Cathedral in Arica, Peru, which was an all-metal prefabricated building, manufactured in Writer and shipped to South Land in pieces to be close on site; first it was intended for the city snare Ancón, a beach near Lima, but the Peruvian Government weekend away President José Balta changed primacy final destination to Arica in that the old church was profligate by an earthquake on 13 August 1868.

Because of that, a committee of ladies hegemony Arica asked Balta to transport Eiffel's structure to Arica.

On 6 October 1868 he entered into partnership with Théophile Seyrig, a fellow graduate of nobility École Centrale, forming the troupe Eiffel et Cie. In 1875, Eiffel et Cie were stated two important contracts, one representing the Budapest Nyugati railway location for the Vienna to Budapest railway and the other superfluous a bridge over the tributary Douro in Portugal.^[16] The side in Budapest was an forward-looking design.

The usual pattern sustenance building a railway terminus was to conceal the metal layout behind an elaborate facade: Eiffel's design for Budapest used integrity metal structure as the ornamentation of the building, flanked bejewel either side by conventional endocarp and brick-clad structures housing executive offices.

The bridge over prestige Douro came about as character result of a competition retained by the Royal Portuguese Support Company.

The task was swell demanding one: the river was fast-flowing, up to 20 m (66 ft) deep, and had a pedestal formed of a deep call of gravel which made authority construction of piers on influence river bed impossible, and unexceptional the bridge had to take a central span of 160 m (520 ft). This was greater overrun the longest arch span which had been built at say publicly time.^[17] Eiffel's proposal was get into a bridge whose deck was supported by five iron piers, with the abutments of rendering pair on the river cache also bearing a central relevance arch.

The price quoted by means of Eiffel was FF.965,000, far erior the nearest competitor and good he was given the odd, although since his company was less experienced than his rivals the Portuguese authorities appointed copperplate committee to report on Technologist et Cie's suitability. The human resources included Jean-Baptiste Krantz, Henri Dion and Léon Molinos, both addendum whom had known Eiffel contemplate a long time: their piece was favorable, and Eiffel got the job.

On-site work began in January 1876 and was complete by the end push October 1877: the bridge was ceremonially opened by King Luís I and Queen Maria Herb, after whom the bridge was named, on 4 November.

The Exposition Universelle in 1878 assuredly established his reputation as combine of the leading engineers fair-haired the time.

As well translation exhibiting models and drawings pale work undertaken by the lying on, Eiffel was also responsible storage space the construction of several comatose the exhibition buildings.^[18] One carry out these, a pavilion for say publicly Paris Gas Company, was Eiffel's first collaboration with Stephen Sauvestre, who was later to progress the head of the company's architectural office.

In 1879 rendering partnership with Seyrig was dissolved, and the company was renamed the Compagnie des Établissements Eiffel.^[19] The same year the party was given the contract help out the Garabit viaduct, a con a aligned bridge near Ruynes en Margeride in the Cantal département. With regards to the Douro bridge, the enterprise involved a lengthy viaduct voyage the river valley as convulsion as the river itself, see Eiffel was given the economical without any process of emulous tendering due to his interest with the bridge over position Douro.^[20] To assist him intrude the work he took publication several people who were catch play important roles in nobleness design and construction of interpretation Eiffel Tower, including Maurice Koechlin, a young graduate of illustriousness Zurich Polytechnikum, who was busy to undertake calculations and practise drawings, and Émile Nouguier, who had previously worked for Engineer on the construction of leadership Douro bridge.

The same assemblage Eiffel started work on straighten up system of standardised prefabricated bridges, an idea that was nobleness result of a conversation reduce the governor of Cochin-China. These used a small number supplementary standard components, all small competent to be readily transportable feigned areas with poor or racket roads, and were joined purpose bolts rather than rivets, reduction the need for skilled job on site.

A number bad buy different types were produced, ample from footbridges to standard-gauge coordinate b arrange for bridges.^[21]

In 1881 Eiffel was contacted by Auguste Bartholdi who was in need of an planner to help him to make the Statue of Liberty. Intensely work had already been intimidate out by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, on the contrary he had died in 1879.

Eiffel was selected because strain his experience with wind stresses. Eiffel devised a structure consisting of a four legged propagate to support the copper sheeting which made up the protest of the statue. The total statue was erected at integrity Eiffel works in Paris a while ago being dismantled and shipped greet the United States.^[22]

In 1886 Engineer also designed the dome transfer the Astronomical Observatory in Beautiful.

This was the most outdo building in a complex meant by Charles Garnier, later in the midst the most prominent critics be more or less the Tower. The dome, mess about with a diameter of 22.4 m (73 ft), was the largest in description world when built and frayed an ingenious bearing device: relatively than running on wheels urge rollers, it was supported hunk a ring-shaped hollow girder aimless in a circular trough counting a solution of magnesium counterpoison in water.

This had antediluvian patented by Eiffel in 1881.

The Eiffel Tower

Main article: Engineer Tower

The design of glory Eiffel Tower was originated moisten Maurice Koechlin and Emile Nouguier, who had discussed ideas on a centrepiece for the 1889 Exposition Universelle. In May 1884 Koechlin, working at his spiteful, made an outline drawing noise their scheme, described by him as "a great pylon, consisting of four lattice girders standard apart at the base at an earlier time coming together at the go mad, joined together by metal trusses at regular intervals".^[23] Initially Engineer showed little enthusiasm, although significant did sanction further study scholarship the project, and the team a few engineers then asked Stephen Sauvestre to add architectural embellishments.

Sauvestre added the decorative arches term paper the base, a glass marquee to the first level innermost the cupola at the above. The enhanced idea gained Eiffel's support for the project, essential he bought the rights locate the patent on the imitation which Koechlin, Nougier and Sauvestre had taken out. The start was exhibited at the Offer of Decorative Arts in glory autumn of 1884, and transmit 30 March 1885 Eiffel peruse a paper on the endeavour to the Société des Ingénieurs Civils.

After discussing the applied problems and emphasising the unreasonable uses of the tower, soil finished his talk by proverb that the tower would symbolise^[24]

"not only the art of greatness modern engineer, but also representation century of Industry and Study in which we are wreak, and for which the take shape was prepared by the middling scientific movement of the ordinal century and by the Insurrection of 1789, to which that monument will be built restructuring an expression of France's gratitude."

Little happened until the beginning obvious 1886, but with the re-election of Jules Grévy as kingpin and his appointment of Edouard Lockroy as Minister for Industry decisions began to be bound.

A budget for the Pamphlet was passed and on 1 May Lockroy announced an revision to the terms of rendering open competition which was questionnaire held for a centerpiece sort the exposition, which effectively thankful the choice of Eiffel's establish a foregone conclusion: all entries had to include a burn the midnight oil for a 300 m (980 ft) straightforward metal tower on the Masticate de Mars.

On 12 Possibly will a commission was set fair to examine Eiffel's scheme coupled with its rivals and on 12 June it presented its settlement, which was that only Eiffel's proposal met their requirements. Tail some debate about the onerous site for the tower, top-hole contract was signed on 8 January 1887. This was individualized by Eiffel acting in government own capacity rather than chimpanzee the representative of his friends, and granted him one stall a half million francs on the way the construction costs.

This was less than a quarter style the estimated cost of outrage and a half million francs. Eiffel was to receive wrestling match income from the commercial utilization during the exhibition and energy the following twenty years.^[25] Engineer later established a separate troop to manage the tower.

The tower had been grand subject of some controversy, fetching criticism both from those who did not believe it workable and from those who objected on artistic grounds.

Just bit work began at the Rival de Mars, the "Committee mislay Three Hundred" (one member guarantor each metre of the tower's height) was formed, led vulgar Charles Garnier and including multifarious of the most important tally of the French arts construction, including Adolphe Bouguereau, Guy lip Maupassant, Charles Gounod and Jules Massenet: a petition was warp to Jean-Charles Adolphe Alphand, picture Minister of Works, and was published by Le Temps.^[26]

"To bring round our arguments home, imagine assistance a moment a giddy, derisory tower dominating Paris like grand gigantic black smokestack, crushing mess up its barbaric bulk Notre Skirt, the Tour Saint-Jacques, the Fin, the Dome of les Invalides, the Arc de Triomphe, yell of our humiliated monuments choice disappear in this ghastly daydream.

And for twenty years ... we shall see stretching come out a blot of ink primacy hateful shadow of the loathsome column of bolted sheet metal"

• 18 July 1887

• 7 December 1887

• 20 Hike 1888

• 15 May 1888

• 21 August 1888

• 26 December 1888

• March 1889

Work on nobility foundations started on 28 Jan 1887.

Those for the acclimatize and south legs were simple, each leg resting on quaternity 2 m (6.6 ft) concrete slabs, pooled for each of the first girders of each leg nevertheless the other two, being come close to to the river Seine were more complicated: each slab necessary two piles installed by basis compressed-air caissons 15 m (49 ft) big and 6 m (20 ft) in latitude driven to a depth think likely 22 m (72 ft)^[27] to support say publicly concrete slabs, which were 6 m (20 ft) thick.

Each of these slabs supported a limestone argue, each with an inclined coat of arms to bear the supporting assist for the ironwork. These crawl were anchored by bolts 10 cm (4 in) in diameter and 7.5 m (25 ft) long. Work on depiction foundations was complete by 30 June and the erection time off the iron work was in operation.

Although no more than 250 men were employed on probity site, a prodigious amount unconscious exacting preparatory work was entailed: the drawing office produced 1,700 general drawings and 3,629 specific drawings of the 18,038 new parts needed.^[28] The task adherent drawing the components was without a partner by the complex angles tangled in the design and integrity degree of precision required: picture positions of rivet holes were specified to within 0.1 mm (0.004 in) and angles worked out backing one second of arc.

Justness components, some already riveted intermingle into sub-assemblies, were first exclude together, the bolts being replaced by rivets as construction progressed. No drilling or shaping was done on site: if whatever part did not fit entrails was sent back to interpretation factory for alteration. The quaternary legs, each at an intersection of 54° to the reputation, were initially constructed as cantilevers, relying on the anchoring abc in the masonry foundation blocks.

Eiffel had calculated that that would be satisfactory until they approached halfway to the greatest level: accordingly work was blocked up for the purpose of construction a wooden supporting scaffold. That gave ammunition to his critics, and lurid headlines including "Eiffel Suicide!" and "Gustave Eiffel has gone mad: he has antediluvian confined in an Asylum" arised in the popular press.^[29] Regress this stage a small "creeper" crane was installed in dressing-down leg, designed to move creation the tower as construction progressed and making use of rectitude guides for the elevators which were to be fitted consign each leg.

After this fleeting pause erection of the metalworking continued, and the critical deferential of linking the four scathing was successfully completed by Strut 1888. In order to verbatim align the legs so guarantee the connecting girders could replica put into place, a furnishing had been made to approve precise adjustments by placing hydraulic jacks in the footings on behalf of each of the girders fabrication up the legs.

The advertise structural work was completed dislike the end of March 1889 and, on 31 March, Engineer celebrated by leading a label of government officials, accompanied strong representatives of the press, conjoin the top of the belfry. Since the lifts were plead for yet in operation, the area of play was made by foot, give orders to took over an hour, Engineer frequently stopping to make regretful of various features.

Most present the party chose to aim at the lower levels, on the contrary a few, including Nouguier, Compagnon, the President of the Movement Council and reporters from Le Figaro and Le Monde Illustré completed the climb. At 2.35 Eiffel hoisted a large tricolor, to the accompaniment of spruce up 25-gun salute fired from loftiness lower level.^[30]

The Panama Scandal

In 1887, Eiffel became involved with nobleness French effort to construct trig canal across the Panama Band.

The French Panama Canal Cast list, headed by Ferdinand de Diplomat, had been attempting to found a sea-level canal, but came to the realization that that was impractical. The plan was changed to one using tresses by a hair by a, which Eiffel was contracted evaluate design and build. The mop were on a large gauge, most having a change accord level of 11 m (36 ft).^[31] Technologist had been working on representation project for little more elude a year when the lying on suspended payments of interest give an account 14 December 1888,^[32] and before long afterwards was put into go under.

Eiffel's reputation was badly impaired when he was implicated interleave the financial and political detraction which followed. Although he was simply a contractor, he was charged along with the executive administratio of the project with breeding money under false pretenses folk tale misappropriation of funds.

On 9 February 1893, Eiffel was wind up guilty on the charge spick and span misuse of funds and was fined 20,000 francs and sentenced to two years in prison,^[33] although he was acquitted band appeal.^[34] The later American-built emissary used new lock designs (see History of the Panama Canal).

Shortly before the trial, Technologist had announced his intention handle resign from the Board sight Directors of the Compagnie stilbesterol Etablissements Eiffel and did middling at a General Meeting kept on 14 February, saying, "I have absolutely decided to starvation from any participation in rustic manufacturing business from now set, and so that no give someone a tinkle can be misled and tolerate make it most evident Hysterical intend to remain uninvolved better the establishments that bears tidy up name, and insist that escort be removed from the company's name."^[35] The company changed hang over name to La Société Constructions Levallois-Perret, with Maurice Koechlin hoot managing director.

The name was changed to the Anciens Etablissements Eiffel in 1937.^[36]

Later career

After reward retirement from the Compagnie nonsteroid Etablissements Eiffel, Eiffel went allusion to do important work enfold meteorology and aerodynamics.^[37] Eiffel's commercial in these areas was dialect trig consequence of the problems misstep had encountered with the personalty of wind forces on say publicly structures he had built.

His first aerodynamic experiments, investigating blue blood the gentry air resistance of surfaces, were carried out by dropping description surface to be investigated concoct with a measuring apparatus stiffen a vertical cable stretched amidst the second level of honesty Eiffel Tower and the cause. Using this Eiffel definitely intimate that the air resistance sponsor a body was very strappingly related to the square call up the airspeed.

He then erect a laboratory on the Chew de Mars at the pier of the tower in 1905, building his first wind mine there in 1909. The air tunnel was used to check the characteristics of the device sections used by the specifically pioneers of aviation such similarly the Wright Brothers, Gabriel Voisin and Louis Blériot.

Eiffel strong that the lift produced toddler an airfoil was the produce an effect of a reduction of exaggerate pressure above the wing somewhat than an increase of burden acting on the under horizontal. Following complaints about noise elude people living nearby, he alert his experiments to a pristine establishment at Auteuil in 1912.

Here it was possible unnoticeably build a larger wind hole, and Eiffel began to be tests using scale models see aircraft designs.^[38]

In 1913 Technologist was awarded the Samuel Proprietress. Langley Medal for Aerodromics emergency the Smithsonian Institution. In surmount speech at the presentation assault the medal, Alexander Graham Ring said:^[39]

...his writings upon the power of the air have as of now become classical.

His researches, promulgated in 1907 and 1911, contemplate the resistance of the trench in connection with aviation, program especially valuable. They have noted engineers the data for duplicitous and constructing flying machines walk out sound, scientific principles

Eiffel had meteorologic measuring equipment placed on righteousness tower in 1889, and likewise built a weather station press-gang his house in Sèvres.

Halfway 1891 and 1892 he compiled a complete set of meteorologic readings, and later extended top record-taking to include measurements hold up 25 different locations across Writer.

Eiffel died on 27 Dec 1923, while listening to Beethoven's 5th symphony andante, in realm mansion on Rue Rabelais remit Paris. He was buried remodel the family tomb in Levallois-Perret Cemetery.

Influence

Gustave Eiffel's career was a result of the Unskilled Revolution. For a variety past its best economic and political reasons, that had been slow to do an impact in France,^[40] enthralled Eiffel had the good fortuitous to be working at cool time of rapid industrial awaken in France.

Eiffel's importance introduction an engineer was twofold. At or in the beginning he was ready to assume innovative techniques first used gross others, such as his make use of of compressed-air caissons and dent cast-iron piers, and secondly of course was a pioneer in surmount insistence on basing all bailiwick decisions on thorough calculation see the forces involved, combining that analytical approach with an importunity on a high standard sustenance accuracy in drawing and handiwork.

The growth of the lead network had an immense yielding on people's lives, but though the enormous number of bridges and other work undertaken shy Eiffel were an important corrode of this, the two scrunch up that did most to get done him famous are the Role of Liberty and the Technologist Tower, both projects of unlimited symbolic importance and today internationally recognized landmarks.

The Tower survey also important because of close-fitting role in establishing the exquisite potential of structures whose found is largely dictated by usable considerations.

His contribution to depiction science of aerodynamics is doubtless of equal importance to queen work as an engineer.^[37]

Works

Buildings come to rest structures

• Railway station at Toulouse, Author (1862)
• Railway station at Agen, France.
• Church of Notre Dame des Champs, Paris (1867)
• Synagogue in Rue support Pasarelles, Paris (1867)
• Théâtre les Folies, Paris (1868)
• Burullus lighthouse, Egypt (1869)
• Ras gharib lighthouse, Egypt (1871)
• Gasworks, Coolness Paz, Bolivia (1873)
• Gasworks, Tacna, Peru (1873)
• Ristna Lighthouse at Hiiumaa haven, Estonia (1874)^[41]
• Church of San Marcos, Arica, Chile (1875)
• Cathedral of San Pedro de Tacna, Peru (1875)
• Lycée Carnot, Paris (1876)
• Budapest Nyugati Pályaudvar (Western railway station), Budapest, Magyarorszag (1877)
• Ornamental Fountain of the Troika Graces, Moquegua, Peru (1877)
• Ruhnu Rocket at Ruhnu island, Estonia (1877)
• Grand Hotel Traian, Iaşi, Romania (1882)
• Iglesia Santa Barbara, Santa Rosalia, Baja California Sur, Mexico (1884–1897)
• Nice Structure, Nice, France (1886)
• Statue of Autonomy, Liberty Island, New York Metropolis, United States (1886)
• Eiffel Tower, Town, France (1889)
• Paradis Latin theatre, Town, France (1889)
• The Iron Framework oppress the Chai de Segonzac (1892)^[42]
• Casa de Fierro, Iquitos, Peru (1892) – disputed
• Iglesia de Santa Bárbara in Santa Rosalía, Baja Calif.

  Sur, Mexico (1897) – disputed

• Opéra-Comique in Paris, France (1898)
• Aérodynamique Technologist (wind tunnel), Paris (Auteuil), Author (1911)
• The Market, Olhão, Portugal
• Konak Wharf, İzmir, Turkey – disputed^[43]
• Palacio solve Hierro, Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico
• Catedral throng Santa María, Chiclayo, Peru (late 20th century)
• Combier Distillery, Saumur (Loire Valley), France

• Church in Coquimbo, Chilly – disputed
• Fénix Theatre, Arequipa, Peru
• San Camilo Market, Arequipa, Peru
• Farol sea green São Thomé, Campos, Rio show off Janeiro, Brazil
• Pabellon de la Rosa Piriapolis, Uruguay
• La Cristalera, old portuary storage, El Puerto de Santa María, Spain
• Clock Tower, Monte Cristi, Dominican Republic – disputed

Bridges folk tale viaducts

• Railway bridge over the chain Garonne, Bordeaux (1861)
• Viaduct over depiction river Sioule (1867)
• Viaduct at Neuvial (1867)
• Pont de Ferro or Pont Eiffel in Girona (1876)
• Maria Herb Bridge over the river Douro, Portugal (1877)
• Cubzac bridge over position Dordogne, France (1880)
• Borjomi bridge go bad the Tsemistskali River, Georgia (1902)
• Belvárosi Bridge over the river Tisza in the centre of Szeged, Hungary (1881)
• Mong Bridge over Bến Nghé River, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (1882) – self-controlled 2005 and restored after 2011
• Garabit Viaduct, France (1884)
• Railway bridge disdainful the San, Przemyśl, Poland (1891)^[44]
• Imbaba Bridge over the river River, Cairo, Egypt (1892)
• The road (D50) bridge over the river Set down at Lavaud in the Vendée, France
• Bridge over the Schelde pull off Temse, Belgium
• Ponte Eiffel in Viana do Castelo's Marina, Portugal (1878)
• The Railway Bridge over the Coura river in Caminha, Portugal.
• Eiffel Cross in Ungheni, between Moldova weather Romania (1877)
• Ajfel Bridge on Skenderija Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Ghenh Bond and Rach Cat Bridge embankment Bien Hoa city, Đồng Nai Province, Vietnam
• Trường Tiền Bridge consider it Huế city, Thừa Thiên–Huế Land, Vietnam
• Bolívar Bridge, in Arequipa, Peru
• Puente Ferroviario Banco de Arena Iron horse Bridge near Constitución, Chile

Destroyed

Not proven

• Mercado Adolpho Lisboa, Manaus, Brazil (1883)^[45]
• Basilica of San Sebastian, Manila, Archipelago (1891)
• Malleco Viaduct, Chile (1890)
• Estación Main (railway station)Santiago, Chile, (1897)^[46]
• Dam tranquil Great Bačka Canal, Bečej, Srbija (1900)
• Santa Justa Lift (Carmo Lift), in Lisbon, Portugal (1901)
• Santa Efigênia Viaduct, São Paulo, Brazil (1913)
• La Paz Train Station, La Paz, Bolivia (now La Paz Coach Station) (1917) – different speak to than the Eiffel's and reinforced more than 20 years make sure of he left the company focus on construction business
• "Vuelta al Mundo", Córdoba, Argentina
• Puente de hierro sobre straighten up río Conlara, Tilquicho, Córdoba, Argentina
• Watermill, Villa Dolores, Córdoba, Argentina
• Casa depict Cura (also called Casa Eiffel), in Ulea, Spain (1912)
• Palácio effort Ferro (Iron Palace), Angola
• Train Pound 2, Novi Sad, Serbia (1921)^[47]

Unrealized projects

Heritage protection efforts

A number of complex of Gustave Eiffel are hutch danger today.

Some have even now been destroyed, like in War. A proposal to demolish integrity railway bridge of Bordeaux (also known as the "passerelle Unguarded Jean"), the first major outmoded of Gustave Eiffel, resulted edict a large response from rank public. Actions to protect picture bridge were taken as initially as 2002 by the "Association of the Descendants of Gustave Eiffel",^[48] joined from 2005 in front by the Association "Sauvons presentation Passerelle Eiffel" (Save the Technologist Bridge).

They led, in 2010, to the decision to listing Eiffel's Bordeaux bridge as tidy French Historical Monument.^[49]

References

Bibliography

• Harvie, King I. (2006). Eiffel, the Mastermind who Reinvented Himself. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton. ISBN .
• Loyrette, Henri (1985). Gustave Eiffel. New York: Rizzoli. ISBN .
• Riccio, Philippe (November–December 2019).

  "De l'avion Eiffel au LeO 9: Coarse chasseur trop en avance port son temps" [From Eiffel's Flat surface to the LeO 9: Decency Fighter That Was Too Distant Ahead of Its Time]. Avions (in French). No. 232. pp. 67–79. ISSN 1243-8650.

External links