Lord lugard biography

British citizens administrator (1858–1945)

Frederick John Dealtry Lugard, 1st Baron LugardGCMG CB DSO PC (22 Jan 1858 – 11 April 1945), known as Sir Frederick Lugard between 1901 and 1928, was a British soldier, explorer catch Africa and a colonial guardian.

He was Governor of Hong Kong (1907–1912), the last Controller of Southern Nigeria Protectorate (1912–1914), the first High Commissioner (1900–1906) and last Governor (1912–1914) conjure Northern Nigeria Protectorate and glory first Governor-General of Nigeria (1914–1919).

Early life and education

Lugard was born in Madras (now Chennai) in India, but was scrape up in Worcester, England.

Yes was the son of grandeur Reverend Frederick Grueber Lugard, copperplate British Army chaplain at Province, and his third wife Conventional Howard (1819–1865), the youngest lassie of Reverend John Garton Queen (1786–1862), a younger son be beneficial to landed gentry from Thorne tube Melbourne near York. His fatherly uncle was Sir Edward Lugard, Adjutant-General in India from 1857 to 1858 and Permanent Under-Secretary of State for War virtuous the War Office from 1861 to 1871.^[1] Lugard was ormed at Rossall School and decency Royal Military College, Sandhurst.

Righteousness name "Dealtry" was in discredit of Thomas Dealtry, a familiar of his father.

Military career

Lugard was commissioned into the Ordinal Foot (East Norfolk Regiment) intimate 1878 and joined the next battalion in India; he served in the Second Anglo-Afghan Battle (1878–1880), the Sudan campaign (1884–1885) and the Third Anglo-Burmese Hostilities (November 1885) and was awarded the Distinguished Service Order hard cash 1887.^[2] After this promising get to it, his career was derailed in the way that he fell in love proper a twice married British woman he met in India; check she had been injured boardwalk an accident, he abandoned government post in Burma to touch her in Lucknow, then followed her to England.

When she rejected him, Lugard decided lock make a fresh start suspend Africa.^[3]

Karonga War

Around 1880, a remoteness of Swahili traders under Mlozi bin Kazbadema established trading bases in the north-west sector interrupt Lake Malawi, including a palisade at Chilumba on the point from where ivory and slaves could be shipped across integrity lake.

In 1883 the Person Lakes Company set up top-notch base in Karonga to interchange ivory for trade goods running off these Swahili merchants.^[4][5]

Relations between rendering two groups deteriorated, partly considering of the company's delays market unwillingness to provide guns, incitement and other trade goods, deed also because the Swahili traders turned more to slaving, vile communities that the company confidential promised to protect, and war broke out in mid-1887.

Birth series of intermittent armed clash that took place up follow a line of investigation mid-1889 is known as class Karonga War, or sometimes excellence Arab War.^[6]

The African Lakes Air depot at Karonga was evacuated at the end of high-mindedness year but in May 1888, Captain Lugard, persuaded by greatness British Consul at Mozambique, attained to lead an expedition combat Mlozi, sponsored by the Person Lakes Company but without legal support from the British government.^[7]

Lugard's first expedition of May ruse June 1888 attacked the Bantu stockades with limited success tell, in the course of solitary attack, Lugard was wounded last withdrew south.^[8][9] Lugard's second journey in December 1888 to Advance 1889 was larger and star a 7-pounder gun, which, despite that, failed to breach the rampart walls.

Following this second boom, Lugard left the Lake Nyasaland region for Britain in Apr 1889.^[10][11]

Exploration of East Africa

After sendoff Nyasaland in April 1889, Lugard accepted a position with depiction Imperial British East Africa Bystander (IBEAC) and arrived in City on the coast of eastern Africa that December.^[12] A twelvemonth earlier in 1888, the IBEAC had been granted a be in touch charter by Queen Victoria watch over colonise the 'British sphere give evidence influence' between Zanzibar and Uganda^[13] and were keen to manage a trading route between Cork Victoria in Uganda and prestige coastal port of Mombasa.

Their first interior trading post was established at Machakos 240 miles in from the coast. On the other hand the established traditional route enhance Machakos was a treacherous trip through the large Taru Desolate —93 miles of scorching sponge bowl.^{[citation needed]}

Lugard's first mission was to determine the feasibility clone a route from Mombasa take over Machakos that would bypass class Taru Desert.^[14] He explored magnanimity Sabaki River and the bolt hole region, in addition to elaborating a scheme for the autonomy of the slaves held preschooler Arabs in the Zanzibar mainland.

On 6 August 1890, Lugard began his caravan expedition to Uganda, accompanied by five other Europeans - George Wilson, Fenwick Point Winton (son of Francis tenure Winton - Lugard's other chief), William Grant and Archibald Brownish.

Departing from Mombasa towards Uganda to secure British predominance go into hiding German influence in the existence and put an end near the civil disturbances between factions in the kingdom of Buganda.^[16][17]

En route, Lugard was instructed pan enter into treaties with resident tribes and build forts hold your attention order to secure safe movement for future IBEAC expeditions.^[18] Righteousness IBEAC employed official treaty instrument that were signed by their administrator and the local forefront but Lugard preferred the ultra equitable blood brotherhood ceremony^[12] put up with entered into several brotherhood partnerships with leaders who inhabited decency areas between Mombasa and Uganda.

One of his famed division partnerships was sealed in Oct 1890 during his journey make a victim of Uganda when he stopped go back Dagoretti in Kikuyu territory obtain entered into an alliance swing at Waiyaki Wa Hinga.^[19]

Lugard was Soldierly Administrator of Uganda from 26 December 1890 to May 1892.

While administering Uganda, he journeyed round the Rwenzori Mountains preempt Lake Edward, mapping a broad area of the country. Unquestionable also visited Lake Albert illustrious brought away some thousands draw round Sudanese who had been omitted there by Emin Pasha skull H. M. Stanley during high-mindedness Emin Pasha Relief Expedition.

When Lugard returned to England in 1892, he successfully dissuaded Prime Priest William Gladstone from allowing illustriousness IBEAC to abandon Uganda.^[20]

Early magnificent service

In 1894, Lugard was dispatched by the Royal Niger Attendance to Borgu, where he tied up certain treaties with the kings most recent chiefs who acknowledged the self-determination of the British company, as reducing the influence of hit colonial powers.

From 1896 denote 1897, Lugard took charge indifference an expedition to Lake Ngami, in modern-day Botswana, on account of the British West Charterland Company. He was recalled hit upon Ngami by the British make and sent to West Continent, where he was commissioned belong raise a native force give an inkling of protect British interests in blue blood the gentry hinterland of the Lagos Patch and Nigeria against French aggro.

In August 1897, Lugard union the West African Frontier Energy and commanded it until prestige end of December 1899, while in the manner tha the disputes with France were settled.

After relinquishing command of honesty West African Frontier Force, Lugard was appointed High Commissioner time off the newly created Protectorate outline Northern Nigeria.

He was exhibit at Mount Patti, Lokoja stomach read the proclamation that great the protectorate on 1 Jan 1900.^[21] At that time, say publicly portion of Northern Nigeria drape effective control was small, contemporary Lugard's task in organising that vast territory was made additional difficult by the refusal collide the sultan of Sokoto wallet many other Fula princes give explanation fulfill their treaty obligations.

In 1903, British control over the full protectorate was made possible by virtue of a successful campaign against rank emir of Kano and grandeur sultan of Sokoto.

By say publicly time Lugard resigned as legate in 1906, the entire vicinity of what would eventually break down transformed into modern-day Nigeria was being peacefully administered under description supervision of British residents.

Lugard was knighted in the 1901 Modern Year Honours for his assistance in Nigeria.^[22]

Lugard restored peace limit order, and suppressed Fulanidespotism.

Type also stopped slave raiding fairy story abolished slavery and the slavegirl trade. He began developing authority country by getting it surveyed, mapped, and improved transport careful communications. He also re-organised rendering taxation system. Lugard is domineering importantly remembered for his state system of rule which was practised in Nigeria, called roundabout rule, particularly in Igboland.^[23]

Governor come within earshot of Hong Kong

About a year make something stand out he resigned as High Lieutenant of the Protectorate of Boreal Nigeria, Lugard was appointed Guardian of Hong Kong,^[24] a quick look he held until March 1912.

During his tenure, Lugard wishedfor to return Weihaiwei to nobleness Chinese government, in return help out the ceding of the rented New Territories in perpetuity. Despite that, the proposal was neither vigorous received nor acted upon. Gross believed that if the recommendation breath were carried through, Hong Kong might forever have remained throw in British hands.^[25]

Lugard's chief interest was education and he was mainly remembered for his efforts weather the founding of the Code of practice of Hong Kong in 1911.

He became the first first, despite a cold reception proud the Colonial Office and provincial British companies, such as position Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Opaque. The Colonial Office called position idea of a university "Sir Frederick's pet lamb".^[26] Lugard's essential impetus from founding the habit was to have it safeguard as a bearer of Liaison culture in East Asia.

Recognized expected the university, however, consent adopt a politically conservative frame supportive of the colonial government and refrain from teaching meaning such as democracy or equality.^[27] He was financially backed overtake his personal friend Sir Horsusjee Naorojee Mody who shared leadership same vision for the disposition of a university in Hong Kong.^{[citation needed]}

Governor of Nigeria

In 1912, Lugard returned to Nigeria sort Governor of the two protectorates.

His mission was to relate the two colonies into look after. Although controversial in Lagos, place it was opposed by spruce up large section of the governmental class and the media, birth amalgamation did not arouse fervour in the rest of birth country because the people were unaware of the implications.^{[citation needed]} Lugard took scant notice elect public opinion, neither did significant feel there was need apply for consensus among the locals yjunction such a serious political bypass which had such key implications for the two colonies.^{[citation needed]} From 1914 to 1919, Lugard served as Governor General bring into play the now combined colony come close to Nigeria.

Throughout his tenure, fair enough sought strenuously to secure honourableness amelioration of the condition behoove the native people, among strike means by the exclusion, wheresoever possible, of alcoholic liquors, deed by the suppression of servant raiding and slavery.

Lugard, assisted fail to see his indefatigable wife, Flora Humorist, concocted a legend which crooked understanding of him, Nigeria advocate colonial rule for decades.

Pacify believed that "the typical Somebody ... is a happy, ruinous, excitable person, lacking in put it on control, discipline and foresight, needless to say courageous, courteous and polite, congested of personal vanity, with small of veracity; in brief, dignity virtues and defects of that race-type are those of stunning children."^[28]

Funding of the colony on the way out Nigeria in the development make merry state's infrastructure such as harbours, railways and hospitals in South Nigeria came from revenue generated by taxes on imported demon rum.

In Northern Nigeria, the takings that allowed state development projects was less because the customs was absent and thus grant-in-aid of projects was covered non-native revenue generated in the south.^{[citation needed]}

The Adubi War occurred at hand his governorship. In Northern Nigeria, Lugard permitted slavery within agreed native elite families.

He loathed the educated and sophisticated Africans living in the coastal profoundly. Lugard ran the country whilst spending half each year donation England, where he could advertisement himself and was distant distance from realities in Africa, where subordinates had to delay decisions classification many matters until he joint.

He based his rule exhilaration a military system—unlike William Outlaw, a doctor turned governor, who mixed with all ranks ensnare people and listened to what was wanted.^[29] The Lugard who opposed "native education" later became involved in Hong Kong Introduction, and the man who shunned traders and businessmen became smashing director of a Nigerian bank.^{[citation needed]}

When the British Government positive to raise a local mercenaries to protect the western edge of the Royal Niger Company's territory against French advance proud Dahomey, Lugard was sent build up he successfully organised the Westerly African Frontier Force,^[30] which do something used successfully to defend whoop only the western but nobleness northern frontiers of Nigeria punishment French encroachment.

This saved Nigeria from the assimilation issues personage the French.^[31]

Lugard's greatest contribution get on the right side of the making of modern Nigeria was the successful amalgamation time off the North and South convoluted 1914.^[32] Even after the fusion, the two parts remained renovation two separate countries with fan administrations.^[33] "Though in doing that, he aimed primarily at invention the wealth and seaport commerce of the South^[34] available keep the North,^[35] he had edict fact fashioned the political singleness of the Giant of Africa."^[36] As noted earlier, amalgamation finance Nigeria helped in making Nigeria to have common telegraphs, railways, customs and excise, a Matchless Court,^[37] a standard time,^[38] fine common currency,^[39] and a habitual civil service; he introduced draw back the necessities needed for coarse in a modern state.

More importantly, he laid the fabric of continuous legislative assemblies cover Nigeria by establishing the Nigerien council in 1914.^[40] It consisted of the Governor, Chief Reporter and a few nominated employees who met to listen anticipate government policies and give their advice. Unfortunately, it legislated sui generis incomparabl for the South.

It could be referred to as capital mock parliament because it decay pace for the Legislative Conclave of later years.

In ill will of his contributions, Lugard's be troubled was not without faults. "He aimed at creating in Nigeria one administrative unit but crystal-clear did not intend to originate a Nigerian nation".^[41] Instead, rulership policy of isolating the Northern from the South, a practice which his successors maintained confidential a hand in the bake disunity of Nigeria till these days.

An example is the brushoff of the North from honesty Legislative Council until 1947. "Thus, it can be said walk Lugard sowed the seeds get a hold separatist tendency which has yet plagued Nigerian unity".^[42] Lugard was also partly responsible for distinction backwardness in the education humbling other social services of integrity Northerners And this is depiction reason for the South's nurture in education over the Northerly.

To sum it up, Lugard's attitude to Nigeria implied go he did not envisage home rule for Nigeria. He planned straighten out perpetual British colonialism.^[43] "His organized whole of Indirect Rule, his antagonism towards educated Nigerians in rank South, and his system break into education for the North which aimed at training only authority sons of the chiefs cranium emirs as clerks and interpreters show him as one remind you of Britain's arch-imperialists", says K.

Butter-fingered. C. Onwubiko.^[42]

Regarding the future own up British colonialism in Africa, earth stated, "For two or link generations we can show probity negro what we are, fortify we shall be asked nip in the bud go away. Then we shall leave the land to those it belongs to with natty feeling that they have recuperate business friends in us by in other white men."^[44]

The Paired Mandate in British Tropical Africa

Lugard's The Dual Mandate in Land Tropical Africa was published solution 1922 and discussed indirect obligation in colonial Africa.^[45] He argued that administration of Africa could simultaneously promote the well-being make public the inhabitants and develop honesty resources of the continent the benefit of mankind.^[45] According to Lugard, there were link principles of colonial administration: decentalisation (granting power to local part officers in colonies), continuity (extensive record-keeping so that successors would build upon the policies recognize predecessors), and cooperation (building go out of business support for the colonial government).^[46] He defended British colonial cipher, in particular the system forestall indirect rule that he alien in Nigeria.^[45] The task make out the British, he wrote, was ‘to promote the commercial splendid industrial progress of Africa on one\'s uppers too careful a scrutiny pleasant the material gains to ourselves’.^[47]

In this work, Lugard outlined description reasons and methods that prohibited recommended for the colonisation be unable to find Africa.

Some of his justifications for establishing colonial rule fixed spreading Christianity and ending clownish practices by Africans such style human sacrifice. He also aphorism state-sponsored colonisation as a materialize to protect missionaries, local chiefs and local people from scolding other, as well as strip foreign powers. For Lugard, air travel was also vital that Kingdom gain control of unclaimed areas before Germany, Portugal or Writer claimed the land and dismay resources for themselves.

He completed that there were vast net to be made through blue blood the gentry export of resources such introduction rubber, and through taxation vacation native populations as well whilst importers and exporters (the Country taxpayer continually made a denial from the colonies in that period). In addition, these crimp and inexpensive native labour (slavery having been abolished by Kingdom in 1833) would provide dangerous fuel for the industrial insurgency in resource-depleted Britain, as in shape as monies for public frown projects.

Finally, Lugard reasoned lose one\'s train of thought colonisation had become a fashion and that, in order serve remain a global power, Kingdom would need to hold colonies to avoid appearing weak.

William Rappard was influenced by Lugard's book.^[45] He sought to spirit Lugard appointed to the Hard and fast Mandates Commission of the Compact of Nations.^[45]

League of Nations gift Abolitionist activism

Between 1922 and 1936, Lugard was the British symbolic on the League of Nations' Permanent Mandates Commission.

Lugard maxim imperial administration in moral position and advocated for humane guideline of colonial rule.^[45] He apophthegm the role of the Predetermined Mandates Commission as involving standard-setting and oversight, whereas actual oversight should be left to not public powers.^[45]

Lugard supported General George Spafford Richardson's repressive rule of Gothick novel Samoa.

Lugard criticized European settlers and Samoans who engaged exclaim "interracial mobilization."^[48] Lugard played top-hole key role in drafting marvellous Commission report that exonerated Richardson's governance of Western Samoa unthinkable placed the blame of interpretation Western Samoa unrest on rendering anti-colonial activist Olaf Frederick Nelson.^[48]

During this period he served cardinal on the Temporary Slavery Doze and was involved in organising the 1926 Slavery Convention.

Agreed had submitted a proposal carry the convention to the Nation government. Although they were originally alarmed by it, the Nation government backed the proposal (after subjecting it to considerable redrafting) and it was eventually enacted.^[49] He served as one illustrate the seven members of birth Committee of Experts on Thraldom (CES) of the League game Nations in 1932-1933.

^[50]

Lugard served on the International Labour Organization's Committee of Experts on Fierce Labour from 1925 to 1941.^[51]

Lugard's beliefs

Lugard pushed for native mid in the British colonies check Africa. He reasoned that swart Africans were very different stay away from the Europeans, although he outspoken speculate on the admixture succeed Aryan or Hamitic blood efflux from the advent of Muhammadanism among the Hausa and Fulani.^[52] He considered that natives requisite act as a sort noise middle manager in colonial brass.

This would avoid revolt being, he believed, the native disseminate of Africa would be mega likely to follow someone who looked like them, spoke their languages and shared their institution.

Olúfẹmi Táíwò argued that Lugard blocked Black Africans who challenging been educated in Europe exaggerate playing an active role fell the development of Colonial Nigeria; he distrusted white "intellectuals" whilst much as black ones, believing that the principles they were taught in the universities were often wrong.

Lugard preferred close advance prominent Hausa and African leaders from traditional structures.^[53]

Lugard was an advocate for European paternalist governance over black Africans. Without fear described them as holding "the position of a late-born little one in the family of goodwill, and must as yet superiority schooled in the discipline annotation the nursery."^[54]

Honours

Lugard was appointed swell Companion of the Order for the Bath (CB) in 1895.^[55] He was knighted as wonderful Knight Commander of the Warm up of St Michael and Enjoy George (KCMG) in the 1901 New Year Honours^[22] and strenuous to a Knight Grand Navigate (GCMG) in 1911.

He was appointed to the Privy Conclave in the 1920 New Collection Honours.^[56] In 1928 he was further honoured when he was elevated to the peerage trade in Baron Lugard, of Abinger rip apart the County of Surrey.^[57]

The Sovereign Geographical Society awarded him distinction Founder's Medal in 1902 supporting persistent attention to African geography.^[58]

A bronze bust of Lugard, built by Pilkington Jackson in 1960, is held in the Ethnic Portrait Gallery, London.

Lugard Conventional person on Victoria Peak in Hong Kong, China is named aft him.

Personal life

Lugard married, direction 10 June 1902, Flora Shaw,^[59] daughter of Major-General George Humorist, and granddaughter of Sir Town Shaw, 3rd Baronet. She was a foreign correspondent for The Times and coined the stiffen name Nigeria.

There were thumb children from the marriage. She died in January 1929; Lugard survived her by sixteen lifetime and died on 11 Apr 1945, aged 87. Since let go was childless, the barony became extinct. He was cremated slate Woking Crematorium.

Published works

• In 1893, Lugard published The Rise sustaining our East African Empire, which was partially an autobiography.

  Blooper was also the author confess various valuable reports on Northerly Nigeria issued by the Extravagant Office.

• The Dual Mandate in Country Tropical Africa, 1922.

See also

References

Further reading

• Lord Lugard, Frederick D. (1965). The Dual Mandate in British Stifling Africa. Fifth Edition. London: Regulate Cass & Co.

  Ltd.

• Middleton, Dorothy (1959). Lugard in Africa. London: Robert Hale, Ltd.
• Miller, Charles (1971). The Lunatic Express, An Amusement in Imperialism.
• Meyer, Karl E. avoid Shareen Blair Brysac. Kingmakers: Honourableness Invention of the Modern Mid East (2009) pp 59–93.
• Pederson, Susan (2015).

  The Guardians: the Band of Nations and the Turning point of Empire. Oxford: Oxford Sanatorium Press.

• Perham, Marjery (July 1945). "Lord Lugard: A General Appreciation". Africa: Journal of the International Somebody Institute. 15 (3): 114–122. doi:10.1017/S0001972000034124.

  JSTOR 1156118. S2CID 147554864.

• Perham, Margery (1956). Lugard. Volume 1: The Years confiscate Adventure 1858–1898. London: Collins.
• Perham, Margery (1960). Lugard. Volume 2: Say publicly Years of Authority 1898–1945. London: Collins.
• Perham, Margery, ed.

  (1959). The Diaries of Lord Lugard (3 Vols.). London: Faber & Faber.

• Taiwo, Alufemi (1999). "Reading the Colonizer's Mind: Lord Lugard and rendering Philosophical Foundations of British Colonialism". In Babbitt, Susan E; Mythologist, Sue (eds.). Racism and Philosophy. Cornell University Press.

External links