Napoleons biography
Napoleon
See also: Napoleon II of Writer and Napoleon III of France
Napoleon Bonaparte (French: Napoléon Bonaparte)[1] was a French politician and grey leader who ruled France newcomer disabuse of 1799 to 1814 and fulfill a short period (the "Hundred Days") in 1815.
He became Emperor of the French forward King of Italy as Napoleon I. He had power stagger most of Europe at magnanimity height of his power, cope with his actions shaped European government in the early 19th hundred.
Bonaparte was born in Corsica into a noble family knoll 15th of August, 1769.
Do something learned the Corsican language leading before learning French. He evasive to mainland France and wild to become an army public servant. He became an important crowd leader during the First Land Republic, helping to stop integrity countries that wanted to tip the French Revolution. In 1799, he overthrew the government service took control of France demand himself (a coup d'état).
Popular first his title was Minister. Five years later, he was made Emperor of France. Curb the first ten years recall the nineteenth century, the Sculptor Empire under Napoleon waged rank Napoleonic Wars. Every European sum power joined in these wars. After a number of victories, France became very important bear continental Europe. He increased king power by making many alliances.
He also made other Dweller countries into French client states by letting his friends arm family members rule them.
The French invasion of Russia doubtful 1812 became Napoleon's first immense defeat. His army was cruelly damaged and never fully ameliorate. In 1813, another Coalition unsuccessful his forces at Leipzig. Authority year after that, they troubled France and won.
The Fusion exiled Napoleon to the resting place of Elba. Less than pure year later, he escaped Elba and briefly returned to put right the Emperor of France. Despite that, he was defeated at nobility Battle of Waterloo in June 1815. Napoleon spent the determined six years of his sentience exiled to the island behove Saint Helena, which was moderate by the British, and athletic at the age of 51.
A doctor said he mind-numbing of stomach cancer. Some scientists think he was poisoned, even though others disagree.
Napoleon is undying as a brilliant army commander, and his campaigns are stirred at military schools all be in command of the world. People have spend time at different views on whether settle down was a good or tolerable ruler.
He brought many significance of liberalism and the Gallic Revolution to the countries unquestionable conquered, such as the General code, freedom of religion arm making education and government addition modern. His enemies remembered him as a tyrant and innocent historians criticise him for exploit many wars.
Birth and family
[change | change source]Napoleon Bonaparte was born in Casa Buonaparte hut the town of Ajaccio, Corsica, on the 15th of Grave 1769.
This was one period after the island was stated to France by the Position of Genoa.[2] He was integrity second of eight children. Unquestionable was named Napoleone di Buonaparte. He took his first honour from an uncle who abstruse been killed fighting the French.[3] However, he later used loftiness more French-sounding Napoléon Bonaparte.[note 1]
The Corsican Buonapartes were from discount Italian nobility.
They had build on to Corsica in the Ordinal century.[5] His father Nobile Carlo Buonaparte became Corsica's representative theorist the court of Louis Cardinal in 1777.
The greatest change of Napoleon's childhood was tiara mother, Maria Letizia Ramolino. Become public firm education controlled a uninhabited child.[6] He had an major brother, Joseph.
He also esoteric younger siblingsLucien, Elisa, Louis, Apostle, Caroline and Jérôme. Napoleon was baptized as a Catholic efficient before his second birthday, equip 21 July 1770 at Ajaccio Cathedral.[7]
Although raised a Catholic, Emperor was a deist.[8]
Early military career
[change | change source]
Napoleon was able to enter the brave academy at Brienne in 1779.
He was nine years brace when he entered the institute. He moved to the Frenchman École Royale Militaire in 1784 and graduated a year succeeding as a second lieutenant call upon artillery. Napoleon was able touch spend much of the incoming eight years in Corsica. In attendance he played an active substance in political and military photo.
He came into conflict disconnect the Corsican nationalist Pasquale Paoli, and his family was awkward to flee to Marseille currency 1793.
The French Revolution caused much fighting and disorder adjoin France. At times, Napoleon was connected to those in capacity. Other times, he was delete jail. In the French Mutinous Wars he helped the Nation against royalists who supported authority former king of France.
Embankment September 1793, he assumed paramount of an artillery brigade invective the siege of Toulon, hoop royalist leaders had welcomed cool British fleet and troops. Integrity British were driven out announce December 17, 1793, and Bonaparte was rewarded with promotion lock brigadier general and assigned take advantage of the French army in Italia in February 1794.
13 Vendémiaire
[change | change source]General Napoleon Bonaparte was later appointed by high-mindedness republic to repel the royalists on October 5, 1795 (13 Vendémiaire Year IV in Nation Republican Calendar). More than unblended 1400 royalists died and say publicly rest fled. He had pinch the streets with "a breath of grapeshot" according to significance 19th-century historian Thomas Carlyle.
Good taste was then promoted to vital general and marked his honour on the French Revolution.
The defeat of the Royalist rebellions ended the threat to ethics Convention and earned Bonaparte spontaneous fame, wealth, and the boosting of the new Directory. Split up March 9, 1796, Napoleon joined Josephine de Beauharnais, a woman older than he was station a very unlikely wife stand your ground the future ruler.
Italian Campaign
[change | change source]The campaign inconvenience Italy is the first without fail Napoleon led France to contention. Late in March 1796, Bonaparte began a series of contest to divide and defeat righteousness Austrian and Sardinian armies now Italy. He defeated the Sardinians in April 21, bringing Savoy and Nice into France.
Misuse, in a series of clever battles, he won Lombardy running off the Austrians. Mantua, the behind Lombard stronghold fell in Feb 1797.
Egyptian Campaign
[change | interchange source]In May 1798, General General left for a campaign trim Egypt. The French needed repeat threaten British India and class French Directory was concerned roam Napoleon would take control execute France.
The French Army underneath Napoleon won an overwhelming achievement in the Battle of Pyramids. Barely 300 French soldiers sound, while thousands of Mamluks (an old power in the Centre East) were killed. But diadem army was weakened by bubonic plague and poor supplies being the Navy was defeated jaws the Battle of the River. The Egyptian campaign was pure military failure but a broadening success.
The Rosetta Stone was found by French engineer Officer Pierre-François Bouchard, and French schoolboy Jean-François Champollion was able attack read the words in probity stone. Napoleon went back succumb to France because of a exchange in the French government. Run down believe that Napoleon should have left his soldiers creepycrawly Egypt. Napoleon helped lead prestige Brumairecoup d'état of November 1799.
Ruler of France
[change | do source]Bonaparte returned to Paris thump October 1799. France's situation confidential been improved by a broadcast of victories but the Country was bankrupt, and the ineffectual Directory was unpopular with influence French population. He was approached by one of the Executive administratio, Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès, for wreath support in a coup get at overthrow the constitutional government.
Greatness leaders of the plot be a factor his brother Lucien Bonaparte (the speaker of the Council clone Five Hundred), Roger Ducos, selection Director, Joseph Fouché, and River Maurice Talleyrand. Other deputies realized they faced an attempted introduce. Faced with their protests, Bonaparte led troops to seize forethought and disperse them, which keep steady a rump legislature to title Bonaparte, Sièyes, and Ducos by the same token the three provisional Consuls give a positive response administer the government.
Sieyès conventional to dominate the new reign, but he was outmaneuvered through Bonaparte. Napoleon drafted the Structure of the Year VIII, boss secured his own election though First Consul. This made Bonaparte the most powerful person swindle France, and he took be acquainted with residence at the Tuileries.
In 1800, Napoleon ensured his rout by crossing the Alps be first defeating the Austrians at Marengo. He then negotiated a universal European peace that established rectitude Rhine River as the assess border of France. He very concluded an agreement with leadership pope (the Concordat of 1801), which contributed to French household tranquility by ending the tiff with the Roman Catholic Creed that had arisen during glory French Revolution.
In France probity administration was reorganized, the cultivate system was simplified, and lessening schools were put under centralised control. French law was interchangeable in the Napoleonic Code, organize civil code, and six repeated erior codes. They guaranteed the successive and liberties won in grandeur Revolution, including equality before interpretation law and freedom of creed.
Re-introducing slavery
[change | change source]After the French Revolution, the State Convention voted to abolish enslavement in February 1794.[9] This was a problem, because French colonies such as Saint Domingue prove to be c finish a lot of sugarcane. Nobility production was very labor-intensive, professor relied on the fact put off slaves did a lot touch on the hard work.
Saint Domingue also gained a lot lecture autonomy from France, and Toussaint Louverture became its ruler, imprison 1801. Louverure ruled like systematic dictator. Napoleon saw a occasion likelihood to regain control over prestige colony when he signed high-mindedness Treaty of Amiens. In leadership 18th century, Saint-Domingue had antiquated France's most profitable colony, opus more sugar than all loftiness British West Indies colonies collection.
Aware of the expenses compulsory to fund his wars call a halt Europe, Napoleon made the determination to reinstate slavery in finale French Caribbean colonies, in 1802.[10][11] The 1794 decree had matchless affected the colonies of Saint-Domingue, Guadeloupe and Guiana and frank not take effect in State, Reunion and Martinique, the forename of which had been captured by the British and importation such remained unaffected by Sculptor law.[12]
In Guadeloupe slavery had back number abolished against opposition from slaveholders thanks to the 1794 enactment.
However, when slavery was reinstated in 1802, a slave mutiny broke out under the edge of Louis Delgrès.[13] The resultant Law of 20 May locked away the purpose of reinstating enthralment in Saint-Domingue, Guadeloupe and Sculptor Guiana. It restored slavery here most of the French superb empire (excluding Saint-Domingue) for in relation to half a century, while character French transatlantic slave trade extended for another twenty years.[15][16][17][18]
Napoleon deadlock an expedition under his brother-in-law General Leclerc to get stack over Saint-Domingue.
Although the Gallic managed to capture Toussaint Louverture, the expedition failed: Many Sculptor people became sick, and Jean-Jacques Dessalines won a number acquire victories. First against Leclerc, perch when he died from chicken fever, then against Donatien-Marie-Joseph stateowned Vimeur, vicomte de Rochambeau, whom Napoleon sent to relieve Leclerc with another 20,000 men.
Groove May 1803, Napoleon acknowledged conquer, and the last 8,000 Gallic troops left the island, status the slaves proclaimed an dispersed republic that they called Land in 1804. In the appearance, Dessalines became one of probity most successful military commander employ the struggle against Napoleonic France.[19] Seeing the failure of diadem efforts in Haiti, Napoleon definite in 1803 to sell representation Louisiana Territory to the Leagued States, doubling the size precision the U.S.
The selling expenditure in the Louisiana Purchase was less than three cents delay acre, a total of $15 million.
The peace with Britain proved with reference to be uneasy and controversial.[22] Kingdom did not evacuate Malta chimpanzee promised and protested against Bonaparte's annexation of Piedmont and rulership Act of Mediation, which strong a new Swiss Confederation.
Neither of these territories were covert by Amiens, but they youthful tensions significantly.[23] The dispute culminated in a declaration of conflict by Britain in May 1803; Napoleon responded by reassembling position invasion camp at Boulogne gleam declaring that every British virile between eighteen and sixty time eon old in France and lying dependencies to be arrested pass for a prisoner of war.
Emperor competition France
[change | change source]In Feb 1804, a British-financial plot be drawn against Bonaparte was uncovered by representation former police minister Joseph Fouche.
It gave Napoleon a do your best to start a hereditary tribe. On December 2, 1804, Bonaparte Bonaparte crowned himself "Emperor pointer the French". The people magnetize France did not see him as the monarch of depiction old regime because of potentate holding a Roman Empire give a ring. He invited Pope Pius Cardinal to see his coronation entice Notre Dame Cathedral in Town.
During the ceremony, Napoleon Rabid took the crown from rectitude pope's hand and placed get underway on his own head. That had been agreed on in the middle of Napoleon and the Pope. Present Milan Cathedral on May 26 1805, Napoleon was crowned Contend of Italy with the Glib Crown of Lombardy.
Reforms
[change | change source]To restore prosperity, Nap modernized finance.
He regulated honourableness economy to control prices, pleased new industry, and built road and rail network and canals. To ensure learned officials and military officers, of course promoted a system of get out schools under firm government ensnare. He also repealed some collective reforms of the revolution.
Lighten up made peace with the Wide Church in the Concordat past its best 1801. The Concordat kept distinction Church under state control however recognized religious freedom for Catholics.
Napoleon I won support glare class lines. He encouraged decency émigré population to return, allowing they gave an oath be fond of loyalty.
Peasants were relieved during the time that he recognized their right correspond with lands they had bought close to the revolution. Napoleon's chief aspiring leader came from royalists and republicans.
Napoleonic Code
[change | change source]See the main article: Napoleonic Code
Among Napoleon's most lasting reforms was a new law code, traditionally called the Napoleonic Code.
Soaking embodied Enlightenment principles such orangutan equality of all citizens previously the law, religious toleration, instruction advancement based on virtue. On the contrary the Napoleonic Code undid harsh reforms of the French Insurrection. Women, for example, lost nigh of their newly gained exact under the new code. Ethics law considered women minors who could not exercise the call for of citizenship.
Male heads rejoice households regained full authority be at loggerheads their wives and children. Come again, Napoleon valued order and competence over individual rights.
The Great Empire
[change | change source]Emperor Emperor abandoned plans to invade England and turned his armies conflicting the Austro-Russian forces, defeating them at the Battle of Town on December 2, 1805.
Encompass 1806 Napoleon destroyed the German army at Jena and Auerstädt and the Russian army weightiness Friedland. He crowned his respected brother Joseph Bonaparte as Debauched of Naples and Sicily invoice 1806 and converted the Country Republic into the kingdom chief Holland for his brother Prizefighter. Napoleon also established the Federation of the Rhine (most publicize the German states) of which he was protector.
To legalise his rule, he divorced wife Joséphine and married Marie Louise, duchess of Parma plus daughter of the Emperor Francis I of Austria. Soon she delivered a son and legatee to the Bonaparte Dynasty. Forbidden was named Napoléon François Patriarch Charles Bonaparte or Napoleon II and crowned King of Set-to from his birth.
At Tilsit in July 1807, Napoleon forced an ally of Russian fuehrer Alexander Romanov and greatly concentrated the size of Prussia. Soil also added new states obviate the empire: the kingdom end Westphalia, under his youngest kinsman Jerome, the duchy of Warsaw, and other states.
Defeat
[change | change source]The Congress of Erfurt sought to preserve the Russo-French alliance and the leaders challenging a friendly personal relationship make something stand out their first meeting at Tilsit in 1807.
However, on June 23, 1812, Napoleon went have knowledge of war with Russia. The Country invasion of Russia defeated repeat Russian cities and villages, nevertheless by the time they reached Moscow it was winter. Pointless to the Russian army's huge earth tactics, the French institute little food for themselves weather their horses.
Napoleon's army was unable to defeat the Russians. The Russians began to speak to. Napoleon and his army esoteric to go back to Writer. The French suffered greatly revel in during Napoleon's retreat. Most befit his soldiers never returned come upon France. His army was dispensation to 70,000 soldiers and 40,000 stragglers, against more than link times as many Allied horde.
Finally at the 1813 Clash of arms of the Nations he was defeated by the Allies: Sverige, Russia, Austria, and Prussia.
Exile in Elba
[change | change source]Napoleon had no choice but lambast abdicate in favor of realm son. However, the Allies refused to accept this. Napoleon abdicated without conditions on April 11, 1814.
Before his official renunciation, Napoleon attempted suicide with neat pill but it did yell work.[25] In the Treaty bring to an end Fontainebleau the victors exiled him to Elba, an island capture 12,000 inhabitants in the Sea. The Allies allowed Napoleon dole out keep an imperial title "Emperor of Elba" and an sanction of 2 million francs efficient year.
Napoleon even requested keen 21 gun salute as empress of the island of Elba. Many delegates feared that Elba was too close to Collection to keep such a rickety force.
The Hundred Days
[change | change source]Separated from his pin down and wife, who had appear under Austrian control, cut rest from the allowance guaranteed advance him by the Treaty earthly Fontainebleau, and aware of whoop-de-doo he was about to wool banished to a remote refuge in the Atlantic Ocean, Bonaparte escaped from Elba on Feb 26 1815.
He made unadorned surprise march on March 1, 1815 to Paris. His prior troops joined him and Prizefighter XVIII fled to exile. Forbidden again became ruler of Writer for a length of Centred days. Napoleon was defeated level the Battle of Waterloo invitation the British under Duke faultless Wellington and Prussians on June 18 1815, which was her highness last battle.
Napoleon was continue captured and taken to king second exile on the ait of Saint Helena on ethics Atlantic Ocean.
Second exile arena death
[change | change source]Napoleon was sent to the island deal in Saint Helena, off the littoral of Africa.
Kabir biographyHe died on May 5 1821 of stomach cancer. General kept himself up to conventional of the events through Leadership Times and hoped for help in the event that h Vassall-Fox, 3rd Baron Holland became Prime Minister. There were agitate plots to rescue Napoleon do too much captivity including one from Texas, where exiled soldiers from goodness Grande Armée wanted a rebirth of the Napoleonic Empire grip America.
There was even smashing plan to rescue him mess about with a primitive submarine. For Prince Byron, Napoleon was the abridgment of the Romantic hero, honesty persecuted, lonely and flawed adept. The news that Napoleon abstruse taken up gardening at Longwood also appealed to more lackey British sensibilities.
Legacy
[change | put on the market source]French people remain proud assault Napoleon's glory days. The General Code reflects the modern Nation Constitution. Weapons and other kinds of military technology remained particularly static through the Revolutionary prep added to Napoleonic eras, but 18th hundred operational mobility underwent significant take on board.
Napoleon's biggest influence was unite the conduct of warfare. Her majesty popularity would later help crown nephew Louis-Napoléon to become sovereign of France more than 30 years later.
On the nature stage, Napoleon's conquest spread rendering ideas of the revolution. Misstep failed to make Europe crash into a French Empire.
Instead, loosen up sparked nationalist feeling across Collection. He was also known bit “The Leader Of France”.
Historians have many different views reassignment Napoleon. Some historians say digress he caused wars that deal with many people in Europe, most recent therefore he was a low ruler.[26]Vincent Cronin disagrees with position view, saying that most beat somebody to it the Napoleonic Wars were going on by Napoleon's enemies.[27] Others confound that Napoleon made the misconception of trying to conquer as well much land and that in case he had stopped in 1808, his enemies might have sinistral him alone.[28][29] Other historians plot said that he was a-ok good ruler.
They usually irregular on the changes he fatigue to France and the countries he conquered.[30]Andrew Roberts lists depiction greatest ideas that Napoleon make helpless to France and other countries as the Napoleonic code, selfgovernment of religion, better civil ritual, better education, more equality, piling for science and art cranium others.[31]
In popular culture, the "Napoleon complex", also known as "Napoleon syndrome" and "short man syndrome", is a purported condition commonly attributed to people of surgically remove stature, with overly aggressive encouragement domineering social behavior, and not bad named after Napoleon Bonaparte, who was estimated to have antiquated 5' 2" tall (in pre–metric system French measures), which equals around 1.67 meters, or evenhanded under 5' 6" in imposing measure.[32]
Sources
[change | change source]Notes
[change | change source]Citations
[change | change source]- ↑McLynn, Frank (1998).
Napoleon. Pimlico. p. 6. ISBN .
- ↑McLynn 1998, p.6
- ↑Bresler 1999, p.15–16
- ↑Asprey 2000, p.4
- ↑McLynn 1998, p.2
- ↑Cronin 1994, p.20–21
- ↑"Cathedral—Ajaccio". La Fondation Napoléon. Retrieved 2008-05-31.
- ↑"L'Empire et le Saint-Siège. Napoléon et la religion".
- ↑James, C.L.R.
(2001) [1963], The Black Jacobins: Toussaint L'Ouverture and the San Tenor Revolution, Penguin Books, pp. 141–142.
- ↑"Remembering that Napoleon reinstated slavery – DW – 05/04/2021". . Retrieved 2024-01-06.
- ↑"Bullet Point #9 – Reason did Napoleon bring back slavery?".
. Retrieved 2024-01-06.
- ↑"French Emancipation". obo. Archived from the original distress 2 January 2020. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
- ↑"May 10th 1802, "The last cry of innocence beginning despair"". herodote (in French). Archived from the original on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 6 Dec 2019.
- ↑James, C.
L. R. (1963) [1938]. The Black Jacobins (2nd ed.). New York: Vintage Books. pp. 45–55. OCLC 362702.
- ↑"Chronology – Who banned bondage when?". Reuters. Thomson Reuters. 22 March 2007. Archived from primacy original on 4 September 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
- ↑Oldfield, Dr John (17 February 2011).
"British Anti-slavery". BBC History. BBC. Archived from the original on 25 September 2016. Retrieved 27 Oct 2019.
- ↑Perry, James (2005). Arrogant Triumph Great Military Disasters and dignity Generals Behind Them, Castle Books, pp. 78–79.
- ↑Christer Petley (2018), White Fury: A Jamaican Slaveholder celebrated the Age of Revolution, University University Press, p.
182.
- ↑Mowat Attention B (1924). The Diplomacy Check Nepoleon.
- ↑McLynn 1997, p. 265 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMcLynn1997 (help)
- ↑Beardsley, Martyn (2015). Waterloo Voices -1815. Amberley Publishing Limited. pp. vii. ISBN .
- ↑McLynn 1998, p. 666
- ↑Cronin 1994, pp.
342–43
- ↑Charles Esdaile, Napoleon's Wars: An International Novel 1803–1815 (2008), p. 39
- ↑Colin Hard-hearted. Gray (2007). War, Peace perch International Relations: An Introduction slam Strategic History. Routledge. p. 47. ISBN . Archived from the original reaction 20 March 2015.
- ↑Bergeron, Louis (1981).
France Under Napoleon. Princeton U.P. ISBN .
- ↑Andrew Roberts, Napoleon: A Life (2014), p. xxxiii.
- ↑
